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Here are some general knowledge facts related to hospitals and healthcare: The stethoscope was invented in 1816 by René Laennec, a French physician who rolled a sheet of paper into a tube to listen to a patient's heart. The Red Cross symbol is internationally recognized as a symbol of medical and humanitarian care. WHO stands for the World Health Organization, a specialized agency of the United Nations founded in 1948 to promote public health worldwide.

A doctor's primary role is to provide medical care and treatment to patients, diagnose and treat diseases and injuries, and offer advice on health and wellness. Nurses are the largest group of healthcare professionals; they administer medication, monitor patients, coordinate care and educate families about managing conditions at home. Pharmacists check prescriptions for dosage errors and dangerous interactions before medicines reach the patient.

Hospitals are usually organised into departments such as emergency, cardiology, radiology, oncology, paediatrics and intensive care. The emergency department sees patients without an appointment and sorts them by urgency using a process called triage, so the sickest patients are treated first rather than in order of arrival. Radiology departments use X-ray, CT, MRI and ultrasound imaging to look inside the body without surgery.

Electronic health records replaced paper charts in most hospitals during the 2010s. A record can hold diagnoses, medications, allergies, lab results, imaging reports and visit notes. Standards such as HL7 and FHIR describe how these records are exchanged between systems, so a clinic can send a referral to a hospital without re-typing the patient's history.

Hand hygiene is considered one of the most effective ways to prevent infections acquired in hospitals. Surgeons scrub their hands and forearms before operations, and visitors are encouraged to use alcohol-based sanitiser at the ward entrance. Sterilisation of instruments in an autoclave uses pressurised steam at about 121 degrees Celsius to destroy bacteria and spores.

Vaccines train the immune system to recognise a germ without causing the disease. Smallpox, the first disease to be eradicated, was declared gone in 1980 after a global vaccination campaign. Blood pressure is written as two numbers, systolic over diastolic; a healthy adult reading is typically around 120 over 80 millimetres of mercury. A normal resting heart rate for adults is between 60 and 100 beats per minute.

Telehealth lets patients speak to a clinician by video or phone from home, which is especially useful for follow-up visits, prescription renewals and people who live far from a hospital. Remote monitoring devices such as glucose meters and blood pressure cuffs can send readings to a care team, who are alerted only when a value moves outside the agreed range.

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